Grassmannian learning mutual subspace method for image set recognition

This paper addresses the problem of object recognition given a set of images as input (e.g., multiple cam-era sources and video frames). Convolutional neural network (CNN)-based frameworks do not exploit these sets effectively, processing a pattern as observed, not capturing the underlying feature distribution as it does not consider the variance of images in the set. To address this issue, we propose the Grassmannian learning mutual subspace method (G-LMSM), a NN layer embedded on top of CNNs that can process image sets more effectively and can be trained in an end-to-end manner. The image set is first represented by a low-dimensional input subspace and then this input subspace is matched with dic-tionary subspaces by a similarity of their canonical angles, an interpretable and easy to compute metric. The key idea of G-LMSM is that the dictionary subspaces are learned as points on the Grassmann man-ifold, optimized with Riemannian stochastic gradient descent. This learning is stable, efficient and theo-retically well-grounded. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method on hand shape recognition, face identification, and facial emotion recognition.(c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.