How to adequately determine the top height of forest stands based on airborne laser scanning point clouds?

Top height (TH) is one of the most important features of forest stands that is used in forest resource management. Thus far, the TH has been mainly determined in forestry on the basis of field measurements. There are certain accepted theoretical guidelines on how the TH should be determined. However, due to high cost and time consumption, it is difficult to meet these assumptions with traditional field measurement methods. Currently, remote sensing is widely used in forest inventory, also for the determination of TH. However, it is still usually conducted by linking the remote sensing data-most often airborne laser scanning (ALS) point clouds-with ground-based measurements using the area-based approach. Different plot sizes and point cloud metrics are used to determine TH, making it difficult to compare the results. There is therefore a need for a universal methodology for determining TH directly from ALS data - one that is consistent with the methodology used for field mea-surement data. This paper presents the results of an experiment that was aimed at assessing the accuracy of TH determination on the basis of ALS data. A comparison of the six considered ALS-derived proxies of TH showed that the individual tree detection approach was the most accurate. The bias of this method, when calculated for 48 artificial forest stands, amounted to 0.15 m. The approach based on the lower percentiles of the distribution of point heights significantly underestimated the TH from-0.67 m to up to-1.9 m. On the basis of the obtained results, we claim that TH can be determined, based on ALS data without ground measurements, with an accuracy that is acceptable for forest practitioners and researchers.