Fusarium equiseti-inoculation altered rhizosphere soil microbial community, potentially driving perennial ryegrass growth and salt tolerance

Fusarium equiseti is an effective plant growth-promoting fungi that induce systemic disease resistance in plants. How-ever, the role of F. equiseti in regulating salt stress response and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of F. equiseti Z7 strain on the growth and salt stress response in perennial ryegrass. Ad-ditionally, the role of Z7 in regulating the abundance, composition, and structure of native microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil was determined. We observed that Z7 could produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophores. Hence, Z7 inoculation further enhanced plant growth and salt tolerance in perennial ryegrass. Inoculating Z7 increased K+ and decreased Na+ in plant tissues. Z7 inoculation also enhanced soil quality by reducing soluble salt and increas-ing available phosphorus. Moreover, inoculating Z7 altered the compositions of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil. For instance, beneficial bacterial genera, such as Flavobacterium, Enterobacter, Agrobacterium, and Burkholderiales were dominantly enriched in Z7 -inoculated soil. Interestingly, the relative abundance of these gen-era showed significantly positive correlations with the fresh weight of perennial ryegrass. Our results demonstrate that Z7 could remarkably promote plant growth and salt tolerance by regulating ion homeostasis in plant tissues and mi-crobial communities in the rhizosphere soil. This study provides a scientific foundation for applying microbes to im-prove plant growth under extreme salt stress conditions.