High-performance work systems and the work-family interface: a cross-level investigation

From a cross-level perspective, this study explores how and when high-performance work systems (HPWS) influence individuals' work-family outcomes. Using multilevel analysis, we examine how HPWS interact with proactive personality to affect employee-experienced HPWS. This study also tests perceived organizational support (POS) as a mediator. Using data from 605 employees and 68 human resources managers, we find that organizational-level HPWS interact with proactive personality to influence perceived HPWS when employees' proactive personality is low. Moreover, perceived HPWS affect POS, which ultimately influences work-family facilitation and work-family conflict. This study also demonstrates that organizational-level HPWS and proactive personality interact to affect employees' perceptions regarding the effectiveness of HPWS, which in turn promotes POS and reduces work-family conflict.