Comparison of the methylglyoxal scavenging effects of kaempferol and glutathione and the consequences for the toxicity of methylglyoxal in SH-SY5Y cells

This study aimed to characterize the methylglyoxal (MGO) scavenging capacity of glutathione (GSH) and kaempferol in more detail with special emphasis on the possible reversible nature of the adduct formation and their competition for MGO, and the safety consequences of their MGO-scavenging effects. GSH showed imme-diate and concentration-dependent MGO-scavenging effects, while the scavenging effects by kaempferol appeared concentration-but also time-dependent, with stable adducts formed over time. The GSH adduct gradually disappeared in a competition reaction with kaempferol, and kaempferol became the preferred scav-enger over time. Furthermore, the scavenging of MGO by kaempferol provided better protection than GSH against extracellular MGO in SH-SY5Y cells. It is concluded that flavonoids like kaempferol provide better scavengers for food-borne MGO than thiol-based scavengers such as GSH, while, given the endogenous con-centrations of both scavengers and the detoxification of the GSH-MGO adduct by the glyoxalase system, GSH will be dominant for intracellular MGO protection.