Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional graphene-based architectures and its application in environmental treatment: A review

Graphene, as a new class of nanomaterials, demonstrates great potential in environmental treatment, while the shape of graphene powder state limits its use. Thus, the construction of large-volume three-dimensional graphene structures is of great significance for practical applications. In this paper, the commonly used methods for the preparation of three-dimensional structures nowadays are introduced, such as the template method and self -assembly method. Nonetheless, these methods have disadvantages such as tedious steps, more influencing fac-tors, and required conditions, leading to structural defects during the process and thus affecting the mechanical properties of the fabricated three-dimensional structures. Additive manufacturing stands out in the preparation of three-dimensional graphene with the advantages of easy operation, precise structural design, and batch preparation. The preparation methods based on graphene macroscopic bodies and their applications in envi-ronmental treatment are reviewed, and the macro-microstructure modulation and applications in water treat-ment are described. Additionally, conclusions and outlooks are provided in the final part, involving the difficulties and future development of three-dimensional graphene architectures for applications.