Institutions, Gender, and Net Nutrition during Economic Development: The United States from 1860s-1930s

Gender-based institutions influence resource allocation within the household and when other measures for economic welfare are scarce or unreliable, the use of biological measures are now standard in economics. This study uses late nineteenth and early twentieth century BMI, statures, and weight to assess how net nutrition accumulated to women and men during U.S. economic development. Throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, female and male BMIs, statures, and weight remained constant over time. Unskilled laborers' BMIs were higher, their statures were taller, and their weights heavier than workers in other occupations. Women and men from the Northeast and Middle Atlantic had higher BMIs and shorter statures, while their counterparts from the South were taller and had lower BMIs, indicating that it was superior Southern cumulative net nutrition associated with lower BMIs