Osteogenic and osseointegration responses of electrospun-based composites in the light of the bone regeneration problems

Acquisition of successful bone regeneration is achieved through modulating the biological responses of bone cells, particularly the osteoblast-lineage responses, which largely depends on the defined biochemical and me-chanical cues. Controlling over composite architecture has been hypothesized to direct cell behavior and for-mation of functional osteoblasts. Engineered fibrous composites can provide a structural framework of cell signaling cues for cells closely related to regulation of cell differentiation, attachment, and migration. Since, bone stem cells reside within composite niches, it is pivotal to understand how scaffold parameters direct cell re-sponses. The goal of this review is to introduce innovative designs of electrospun nanofiber-based composites as excellent matrix-mimicking structures. Therefore, this review evaluates the elements of cell-matrix interactions, conducts a comprehensive survey of current knowledge regarding the engineering tactics of electrospun com-posites, examines biomimetic factors of synthetic structures, and reports current successes of renormalizing the deficient site using the innovative fibrous designs in which novel electrospun composites may pave the way to advance the field of bone therapy.