Effects of salinity, temperature, and immersion conditions on seed germination of invasive Spartina alterniflora Loisel (smooth cordgrass) in Japan

Spartina alterniflora is a halophytic perennial grass species that has invaded coastal wetlands world-wide, including tidal flats in Japan. Rapid removal or eradication of invasive plants is desirable because of their severe ecological impact on local ecosystems. Seed germination is the main cause of its distribution and invasion. Understanding germination characteristics of S. alterniflora is critical for the prediction and early detection of its populations in new environments. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of salinity (0, 10 20, 30, and 40 g/L artificial seawater), temperature (15, 20, 25 degrees C for constant, and 15/25 degrees C for alternating), and seed immersion (5 ml and 40 ml medium) based on laboratory experiments to evaluate the physicochemical environmental factors that facilitate the germination of S. alterniflora seeds. The cumulative germination rate and mean germination time were significantly affected by temperature and salinity but not by immersion. Increased salinity gradually reduced the cumulative germination rate in all temperature and immersion conditions. The mean germination time tended to be prolonged with the salinity level. A constant temperature of 25 degrees C promoted higher seed germination compared to constant temperatures of 15 and 20 degrees C. Notably, alternating temperature between 15 and 25 degrees C induced a higher seed germination compared to other constant temperatures. In addition, alternating temperatures varied the mean germination time to facilitate sensitivity to salinity, indicating that temperature fluctuation is a key factor that stimulates seed germination of S. alterniflora. These results suggest that S. alterniflora seeds prefer gaps in vegetation canopies and a low depth of burial in soil. Further studies are needed to analyze prevention strategies for the eradication of this invasive species in Japan. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.