Assessment of the sustainability and producibility of adobe constructions reinforced with Ca-based binders: Environmental life cycle analysis (LCA) and 3D printability

This study investigated the usability of adobe samples reinforced with calcium-based binders in a 3D-printed technique. These adobe samples' physical, mechanical, durability and microstructure characteristics were investigated and their 3D printability characteristics experimentally. In the case of adobe production by 3D -print-ing method, the compressive strength decreased by 9-33 % compared to mold casting. While the thermal con-ductivity coefficient of adobe samples varied between 0.833 and 1.421 W/mK, the thermal conductivity was reduced by 43 % thanks to the preference for gypsum. Within the scope of the LCA analysis, the slightest effect in terms of environmental damage was observed in mixtures containing gypsum compared to cement and slaked lime mixtures. As a result, it was determined that adobe's physical and mechanical characteristics could be improved by using gypsum, lime and cement, and these mixtures can be used in 3D-printing. It was determined that more sustainable adobe production is possible with gypsum and lime.