Global evaluation of Doppler velocity errors of EarthCARE cloud-profiling radar using a global storm-resolving simulation

The cloud-profiling radar (CPR) on the Earth Clouds, Aerosol, and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) satellite (EC-CPR) is the first satellite-borne Doppler radar. In a previous study, we examined the effects of horizontal (along-track) integration and simple unfolding methods on the reduction of Doppler errors in the EC-CPR observations, and those effects were evaluated using two limited scenes in limited-latitude and low-pulse-repetition-frequency (PRF) settings. In this study, the amount of data used was significantly increased, and the area of the data used was extended globally. Not only low-PRF but also high-PRF settings were examined. We calculated the EC-CPR-observed Doppler velocity from pulse-pair covariances using the radar reflectivity factor and Doppler velocity obtained from a satellite data simulator and a global storm-resolving simulation. The global data were divided into five latitudinal zones, and each standard deviation of Doppler errors for 5 dBZe after 10 km integration was calculated. In the case of the low-PRF setting, the error without unfolding correction for the tropics reached a maximum of 2.2 m s(-1) and then decreased toward the poles (0.43 m s(-1)). The error with unfolding correction for the tropics became much smaller at 0.63 m s(-1). In the case of the high-PRF setting, the error without unfolding correction for the tropics reached a maximum of 0.78 m s(-1) and then decreased toward the poles (0.19 m s(-1)). The error with unfolding correction for the tropics was 0.29 m s(-1), less than half the value without the correction. The results of the analyses of the simulated data indicated that the zonal mean frequency of precipitation echoes was highest in the tropics and decreased toward the poles. Considering a limitation of the unfolding correction for discrimination between large upward velocity and large precipitation falling velocity, the latitudinal variation in the standard deviation of Doppler error can be explained by the precipitation echo distribution.