Potential therapeutic targets beyond cytokines and Janus kinases for autoimmune arthritis

Synovial inflammation and destruction of articular cartilage and bone are hallmarks of autoimmune arthritis. Although current efforts to inhibit proinflammatory cytokines (biologics) or block Janus kinases (JAK) appear to be promising in many patients with autoimmune arthritis, adequate disease control is still lacking in a significant proportion of autoimmune arthritis patients. The possible adverse events from taking biologics and JAK in-hibitors, such as infection, remain a major concern. Recent advances showing the effects of a loss of balance between regulatory T cells and T helper-17 cells as well as how the imbalance between osteoblastic and oste-oclastic activities of bone cells exaggerates joint inflammation, bony destruction and systemic osteoporosis highlight an interesting area to explore in the search for better therapeutics. The recognition of the hetero-genicity of synovial fibroblasts in osteoclastogenesis and their crosstalk with immune and bone cells provides an opportunity for identifying novel therapeutic targets for autoimmune arthritis. In this commentary, we comprehensively review the current knowledge regarding the interactions among heterogenic synovial fibro-blasts, bone cells and immune cells and how they contribute to the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis, as well as the search for novel therapeutic targets not targeted by current biologics and JAK inhibitors.