Heritability and gene functions associated with sclerotia formation of Rhizoctonia solani AG-7 using whole genome sequencing and genome-wide association study

Sclerotia are specialized fungal structures formed by pigmented and aggregated hyphae, which can survive under unfa-vourable environmental conditions and serve as the primary inocula for several phytopathogenic fungi including Rhizoc-tonia solani. Among 154 R. solani anastomosis group 7 (AG -7) isolates collected in fields, the sclerotia-forming capability regarding sclerotia number and sclerotia size varied in the fungal population, but the genetic makeup of these phenotypes remained unclear. As limited studies have focused on the genomics of R. solani AG -7 and the population genetics of scle-rotia formation, this study completed the whole genome sequencing and gene prediction of R. solani AG -7 using the Oxford NanoPore and Illumina RNA sequencing. Meanwhile, a high-throughput image -based method was established to quantify the sclerotia-forming capability, and the phenotypic correlation between sclerotia number and sclerotia size was low. A genome- wide association study identified three and five significant SNPs associated with sclerotia number and size in distinct genomic regions, respectively. Of these significant SNPs, two and four showed significant differences in the phe-notypic mean separation for sclerotia number and sclerotia size, respectively. Gene ontology enrichment analysis focusing on the linkage disequilibrium blocks of significant SNPs identified more categories related to oxidative stress for sclerotia number, and more categories related to cell development, signalling and metabolism for sclerotia size. These results indi-cated that different genetic mechanisms may underlie these two phenotypes. Moreover, the heritability of sclerotia number and sclerotia size were estimated for the first time to be 0.92 and 0.31, respectively. This study provides new insights into the heritability and gene functions related to the development of sclerotia number and sclerotia size, which could provide additional knowledge to reduce fungal residues in fields and achieve sustainable disease management.