Sustainable management of EOL tyres: A remanufacturing supply chain network design

End-of-life (EOL) objects such as tyres have been categorised as hazardous to the environment due to heavy metals and chemicals. To manage the recovery and remanufacturing operations of these EOL items, an effective network design is necessary. In this paper, we developed a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model to minimize the total cost of the proposed EOL tyre remanufacturing supply chain network. Since, the problem is Non-deterministic Polynomial time hardness (NP-hard) in nature, we propose a prediction model that evaluates the operational feasibility of vehicle allocation and an evolutionary algorithm-based technique is employed to identify optimal facility locations, material flows among facilities, and demand distribution to individual automobiles for near-optimal solutions. Numerical experiments were conducted on a leading tyre remanufacturing company as a case study, and the results were compared with several evolutionary algorithms found that the Modified Genetic Algorithm (MGA) outperforms other algorithms. We demonstrate how, in each case, an optimal cost-effective location for a factory is found based on the cost and demand of the products. The study findings can assist governments and industry stakeholders in developing successful EOL tyre management strategies.