Seasonal differences in raindrop size and causative microphysical processes in continental, orographic and oceanic regions of the Indian subcontinent

Global precipitation measurement dual-frequency precipitation radar observations during 2014-2021 are used for the first time to infer the dominant microphysical processes responsible for the seasonal variations in mass -weighted mean diameter (Dm) in different regions of the Indian subcontinent. Seasonal differences in mean Dm estimated using stratified rain rates for deep systems is pronounced in continental and Western Ghats, while marginal in maritime and Myanmar coast regions. The mean Dm values are larger in pre-monsoon (PM) than in other seasons in all the regions due to prevalence of deepest storms and evaporation. Seasonal differences in Dm observed at the near-surface are originated at raindrop formation altitude (1.5 km below the 0 degrees C isotherm) and are magnified during the descent of raindrops due to more evaporation in PM over the Arabian Sea, Western Ghats, and Myanmar coast. Raindrop size show contrasting features at the formation altitude and at the near surface in southwest monsoon (SWM) and northeast monsoon (NEM) over Bay of Bengal, foothills of Himalayas, Northwest India, and southeast peninsular India. The breakup of raindrops in NEM results in small Dm at the near surface in NEM than in SWM over the Bay of Bengal and southeast peninsular India. Higher occurrence of convection over Western Ghats, evaporation over foothills of Himalayas and northwest India in NEM results in large Dm values than in SWM. Dm values of shallow rain show considerable seasonal variations over the Arabian Sea and Western Ghats and marginal differences in the Bay of Bengal and Myanmar coast.