Safe sets and in-dominating sets in digraphs

A non-empty subset S of the vertices of a digraph D is a safe set if (i) for every strongly connected component M of D-S, there exists a strongly connected component N of D[S] such that there exists an arc from M to N; and (ii) for every strongly connected component M of D - S and every strongly connected component N of D[S], we have |M| <= |N| whenever there exists an arc from M to N. In the case of acyclic digraphs a set X of vertices is a safe set precisely when X is an in-dominating set, that is, every vertex not in X has at least one arc to X. We prove that, even for acyclic digraphs which are traceable (have a hamiltonian path) it is NP-hard to find a minimum cardinality safe (in-dominating) set. Then we show that the problem is also NP-hard for tournaments and give, for every positive constant c, a polynomial algorithm for finding a minimum cardinality safe set in a tournament on n vertices in which no strong component has size more than c log (n). Under the so called Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH) this is close to best possible in the following sense: If ETH holds, then, for every epsilon > 0 there is no polynomial time algorithm for finding a minimum cardinality safe set for the class of tournaments in which the largest strong component has size at most log1+epsilon(n). We also discuss bounds on the cardinality of safe sets in tournaments. (c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.