Systematic review on geopolymer composites modified with nanomaterials and thin films: Enhancing performance and sustainability in construction

Concrete, a common building material, mostly contains cement. Cement production utilizes much energy, depletes natural resources, and emits carbon dioxide. Efforts are being made to create concrete without cement. In this regard, developing geopolymer composite as a viable novel construction material creates a better substitute for sustainable building practices. This study presents a systematic review to examine recent and ongoing research to explore the impacts of various nanomaterials (NMs) and thin films (TF) on geopolymer composite's hardened properties and microstructure. In this context, thin films, specialized layers of material applied to the surface of green concrete, typically with a thickness ranging from nanometers to micrometers, are considered. These films may contain various NMs to enhance or modify the concrete's properties and microstructure. The importance of characterization techniques such as XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) is emphasized, as they play a crucial role in understanding the properties and performance of geopolymer nanomaterials and thin films. A large database, including the key attributes of geopolymer composites with NMs and thin films, was created using data from more than 158 published studies. Furthermore, the research identifies current accomplishments, limitations, and future research goals in nanomaterials and thin films for green concrete. These advancements are expected to significantly impact emerging fields, with potential applications ranging from advanced coatings for corrosion protection and fire resistance to functional electronic devices and sensor surfaces. This comprehensive review contributes to the advancement of green concrete technology and the development of sustainable construction materials. The insights gained from this study and the created database provide valuable knowledge for researchers and industry professionals, facilitating the adoption of NMs and thin films to improve the performance and sustainability of concrete in construction.