Holomorphic Embedding Load Flow Method in Three-Phase Distribution Networks With ZIP Loads

The Holomorphic Embedding Load flow Method (HELM) employs analytic continuation of complex analytic functions to calculate the practical (high voltage) load flow solution and provides promising convergence guarantees. Although HELM has been applied to various types of power systems, the literature has not thoroughly investigated three-phase distribution networks with common load types/connections. In this paper, we extend HELM to three-phase distribution networks with ZIP loads, while preserving its prominent convergence promises. Specifically, we introduce a HELM formulation, which emphasizes on accurate modeling of constant-current loads (and the voltage dependence of current injections) for both wye and delta connections. We perform extensive numerical experiments on standard test systems with various equipment/connection types to demonstrate the accuracy and efficacy of the proposed HELM compared with the existing literature.