MicroRNA Targets PAP1 to Mediate Melanization in Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) Infected by Metarhizium anisopliae

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a pivotal role in important biological processes by regulating post -transcriptional gene expression and exhibit differential expression patterns during development, immune responses, and stress challenges. The diamondback moth causes significant economic damage to crops worldwide. Despite substantial advancements in understanding the molecular biology of this pest, our knowledge regarding the role of miRNAs in regulating key immunityrelated genes remains limited. In this study, we leveraged whole transcriptome resequencing data from Plutella xylostella infected with Metarhizium anisopliae to identify specific miRNAs targeting the prophenoloxidase-activating protease1 (PAP1) gene and regulate phenoloxidase (PO) cascade during melanization. Seven miRNAs (pxy-miR-375-5p, pxy-miR-4448-3p, pxy-miR-279a-3p, pxy-miR-3286-3p, pxy-miR-965-5p, pxy-miR-8799-3p, and pxy-miR-14b-5p) were screened. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that pxy-miR-279a-3p binds to the open reading frame (ORF) and pxy-miR-965-5p to the 3 ' untranslated region (3 ' UTR) of PAP1. Our experiments demonstrated that a pxy-miR-965-5p mimic significantly reduced PAP1 expression in P. xylostella larvae, suppressed PO activity, and increased larval mortality rate. Conversely, the injection of pxy-miR-965-5p inhibitor could increase PAP1 expression and PO activity while decreasing larval mortality rate. Furthermore, we identified four LncRNAs (MSTRG.32910.1, MSTRG.7100.1, MSTRG.6802.1, and MSTRG.22113.1) that potentially interact with pxy-miR-965-5p. Interference assays using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) revealed that silencing MSTRG.7100.1 and MSTRG.22113.1 increased the expression of pxy-miR-965-5p. These findings shed light on the potential role of pxy-miR-965-5p in the immune response of P. xylostella to M. anisopliae infection and provide a theoretical basis for biological control strategies targeting the immune system of this pest.