Diagnostic accuracy of apple watch ECG outputs in identifying dysrhythmias: A comparison with 12-Lead ECG in emergency department

Background: Wearable devices, particularly smartwatches like the Apple Watch (AW), can record important cardiac information, such as single-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs). Although they are increasingly used to detect conditions such as atrial fibrillation (AF), research on their effectiveness in detecting a wider range of dysrhythmias and abnormal ECG findings remains limited. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the AW in detecting various cardiac rhythms by comparing it with standard ECG's lead-I. Methods: This single -center prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care emergency department (ED) between 1.10.2023 and 31.10.2023. The study population consisted of all patients assessed in the critical care areas of the ED, all of whom underwent standard 12-lead ECGs for various clinical reasons. Participants in the study were included consecutively. An AW was attached to patients' wrists and an ECG lead-I printout was obtained. Heart rate, rhythm and abnormal findings were evaluated and compared with the lead-I of standard ECG. Two emergency medicine specialists performed the ECG evaluations. Rhythms were categorized as normal sinus rhythm and abnormal rhythms, while ECG findings were categorized as the presence or absence of abnormal findings. AW and 12-lead ECG outputs were compared using the McNemar test. Predictive performance analyses were also performed for subgroups. Bland -Altman analysis using absolute mean differences and concordance correlation coefficients was used to assess the level of heart rate agreement between devices. Results: The study was carried out on 721 patients. When analyzing ECG rhythms and abnormal findings in lead-I, the effectiveness of AW in distinguishing between normal and abnormal rhythms was similar to standard ECGs (p = 0.52). However, there was a significant difference between AW and standard ECGs in identifying abnormal findings in lead-I (p < 0.05). Using Bland -Altman analysis for heart rate assessment, the absolute mean difference for heart rate was 0.81 +/- 6.12 bpm (r = 0.94). There was strong agreement in 658 out of 700 (94%) heart rate measurements. Conclusion: Our study indicates that the AW has the potential to detect cardiac rhythms beyond AF. ECG tracings obtained from the AW may help evaluate cardiac rhythms prior to the patient's arrival in the ED. However, further research with a larger patient cohort is essential, especially for specific diagnoses. (c) 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.