An integrated model for citizen energy communities and renewable energy communities based on clean energy package: A two-stage risk-based approach

Energy communities are at the heart of forming sustainable cities. Beside their important role in decarbonization, they can bring economic, and social benefits to the End-users. Based on the Clean Energy Package (CEP) defi-nition in European Union, an energy community is categorized as: Citizen Energy Communities (CECs) and Renewable Energy Communities (RECs). In this regard, modeling an energy management system framework in a Smart Multi-Carrier Energy Network (SMCEN) associated with CECs and RECs is much of interest. In this paper, a two-stage risk-based optimization model is proposed to handle an energy management structure incorporating energy communities. To this purpose, Energy Community Managers (ECMs) of CECs and RECs concurrently solve the problem at the first stage and send the output data to the SMCEN operator. In the second stage, the SMCEN operator solves an optimization problem to maximize its profit considering the SMCEN's constraints. The un-certainties of energy demands as well as on-site generation are modeled by a scenario-based approach, while a risk-modeling technique is employed to handle the SMCEN risk attitudes in multi-carrier energy scheduling. The results verify that the risk attitude of the SMCEN operator is an influential factor to determine the profit of the SMCEN.