Sulforaphane inhibits TGF-β-induced fibrogenesis and inflammation in human Tenon's fibroblasts

Purpose: Subconjunctival fibrosis is the main cause of failure after glaucoma filtration surgery. We explored the effects of sulforaphane (SFN) on the conversion of human Tenon's fibroblasts (HTFs) into myofibroblasts, transforming growth factor (TGF)-13-induced contraction of collagen gel, and inflammation. Methods: After treatment with the combination of TGF-13 and SFN or TGF-13 alone, primary HTFs were subjected to a three-dimensional collagen contraction experiment to examine their contractility. Levels of alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM), and phosphorylation of various signaling molecules were determined by western blot or quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Fluorescence microscopy was employed to examine stress fiber formation in HTFs. The expressions of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were determined using RT-qPCR. Results: The contraction of myofibroblasts caused by TGF-13 was significantly suppressed by SFN. This suppressive effect was exerted via the differentiation of HTFs into myofibroblasts by inhibiting the production of fibronectin and the expression of alpha-SMA. Moreover, SFN treatment reduced the expression of TGF-13-promoted integrins 131 and alpha 5, myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, and stress fiber formation, as well as the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and CTGF. Finally, TGF-13-induced Smad2/3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylations were attenuated by SFN. Conclusions: SFN inhibits HTF contractility, differentiation into myofibroblasts, and inflammation caused by TGF-13. These effects are mediated by both classic and non-classic signaling pathways. Our results indicate that SFN has potent anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects in HTFs and is a potential candidate for subconjunctival fibrosis therapy.