The gendered effects of investing in physical and social infrastructure

Poor infrastructure practices that do not reflect principles of inclusiveness can create real barriers for women which prevent them from effectively participating in the economy. In light of these challenges, we provide a narrative review of studies on the gendered effects of physical and social infrastructure development. We provide a critical analysis of the methodologies commonly used in such studies, and we integrate analysis of strengths and weaknesses of each method in the context of measuring women's empowerment. We conclude with implications for policy and needs for future research. Ultimately, incorporating gender dimensions into infrastructure planning matters not only for individual well-being but also for promoting overall inclusive and sustainable development. CO 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.