A network pharmacology-based investigation of brugine reveals its multi-target molecular mechanism against Breast Cancer

Breast cancer represents the leading cause of mortality among women worldwide. Since the complexity of breast cancer as a disease resides in its heterogeneity as it consists of several subtypes such as hormone receptor-positive subtypes: Luminal A, Luminal B, Her2- overexpressed, basal-like and hormone receptor-negative subtype: TNBC. Among all the subtypes, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most lethal and complex subtype. Moreover, the available treatment options like surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are not sufficient because of the associated side effects and drug resistance development. Therefore, discovery of new effective natural compounds with anti-tumor activity is required. In this pursuit, marine organisms provide a plentiful supply of such chemicals compounds. A marine compound Brugine found in the bark and stem of mangrove species Bruguiera sexangula is a potential anti-cancer compound. It has shown its cytotoxic activity against sarcoma 180 and lewis lung cancer. The molecular processes, however, are currently unknown. So, in order to research the molecular pathways this compound utilizes, we sought to apply a network pharmacology approach. The network pharmacology strategy we used in this investigation to identify and evaluate possible molecular pathways involved in the treatment of breast cancer with brugine was supported by simulation and molecular docking experiments. The study was conducted using various databases such as the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) for the genetic profile study of breast cancer, Swiss ADME for studying the pharmacodynamic study of brugine, Gene cards for collection of information of genes, STRING was used to study the interaction among proteins, AutoDock vina was to study the binding efficacy of brugine with the best fit protein. The results showed that the compound and breast cancer target network shared 90 common targets. According to the functional enrichment analysis brugine exhibited its effects in breast cancer via modulating certain pathways such as cAMP signaling pathway, JAK/STAT pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway PI3K-Akt pathway, calcium signaling pathway, and Necroptosis. Molecular docking investigations demonstrated that the investigated marine compound has a high affinity for the key target, protein kinase A (PKA). A stable protein-ligand combination was created by the best hit molecule, according to molecular dynamics modeling. The purpose of this research was to examine the importance of brugine as a potentially effective treatment for breast cancer and to obtain knowledge of the molecular mechanism used by this substance in breast cancer.{GRAPHIACAL ABSTRACT}