Surgical Versus Non-Surgical Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures Without Neurological Deficit: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Study Design A systematic review and meta-analysis. Objective To update the systematic review comparing the outcomes between surgical and non-surgical treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficit. Methods We registered a protocol in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021291769) and searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Surgical and non-surgical treatments were compared in patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficits. Predefined outcomes at >= 6 months included pain (defined as a visual analog scale [VAS] of 0-100), functional outcomes (Oswestry Disability Index [ODI] of 0-50 and Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire [RMDQ] of 0-24), and kyphotic angulation. Results Nineteen studies involving 1056 patients were included in the analyses. For outcomes at >= 6 months, little to no difference was found in pain VAS score (mean difference, .95 [95% confidence interval {CI}, -6.02 to 7.92]; 827 participants; 15 studies; I-2 = 92%), ODI (mean difference, -1.40 [95% CI, -5.11 to 2.31]; 446 participants; 7 studies; I-2 = 79%), and RMDQ (mean difference, -.73 [95% CI, -5.13 to 3.66]; 216 participants; 5 studies; I-2 = 77%). The kyphotic angulation in the surgery group was 6.35 degrees lower than that in the non-surgery group (mean difference, -6.56 degrees [95% CI, -10.26 degrees to -2.87 degrees]; 527 participants; ten studies; I-2 = 86%). The trial sequential analysis indicated all outcomes reached adequate statistical power. The certainty of the evidence for all 4 outcomes was very low. For the analysis of minimally invasive procedures compared to traditional open surgeries, a statistically significant subgroup difference was found for VAS and ODI (P < .01 and P < .04, respectively). Conclusion Surgical and non-surgical treatments showed little or no difference in outcomes at >= 6 months. This review provides a conclusion with adequate statistical power by including non-randomized studies. However, non-randomized studies also lowered the certainty of the evidence to a very low level.