Synchronous anti-phase variations between the East Asian summer monsoon and South America Summer Monsoon during Heinrich stadial 2

The interhemispheric anti-phase variation of monsoonal precipitation at the millennial timescale has been attributed to the latitudinal movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). However, a debate persists regarding the lead-lag or synchronous relationship between the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) and South American Summer Monsoon (SASM) on the onset and termination timings of the Heinrich stadials, hindering a deeper understanding of their underlying driving mechanisms. Here, we presented a new stalagmite delta O-18 record from Xianyun Cave, southeastern China. This record, with similar to 5-year temporal resolution and an averaged uncertainty of similar to 60 years on U-Th dates, spans Heinrich Stadial 2 (HS2) and represents East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) intensity variations. Based on our record, we further divided the evolution of the EASM during HS2 into three phases: an onset phase (HS2-I, 24,450-24,260 yr BP) and a termination phase (HS2-III, 23,950-23,630 yr BP), sandwiching a phase with relatively intensified monsoon (HS2-II, 24,260-23,950 yr BP). During the onset and termination of HS2, synchronous transition in monsoon records from both hemispheres was observed, driven by the large-scale meridional movement of the ITCZ. In HS2-I, a "Large excursion" observed in both tropical ISM and SASM records was also evidenced in the Xianyun record, suggesting an extension of the "Tropical atmospheric seesaw" to broader regions near tropical moisture sources. In phase II, our record precisely characterizes a centennial-scale strengthening of the EASM coinciding with a weakening SASM, while the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) showed no significant changes. The decoupling of the ISM and EASM may be related to the distinct responses of the regional ITCZ to El Nino-Southern Oscillation variabilities. Our study highlights the significant role of the tropical ocean-atmosphere coupling systems in the synchronized or divergent evolution of global monsoons within Heinrich stadials.