Histochemical assessment on osteoclasts in long bones of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) deficient mice

Objective: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), recognizes a wide variety of pathogen-associated molecular pat-terns such as lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, and lipopeptides, and is generally believed to be present in monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and vascular endothelial cells. However, no histo-logical examination of osteoclasts, which differentiate from precursors common to macrophages/ monocytes, has been performed in a non-infected state of TLR2 deficiency. The objective of this study was to examine the histological properties and function of osteoclasts in the long bones of 8-week-old male TLR2 deficient (TLR2-/-) mice to gain insight into TLR2 function in biological circumstances without microbial infection.Methods: Eight-week-old male wild-type and TLR2-/- mice were fixed with paraformaldehyde solution, and their tibiae and femora were used for micro-CT analysis, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and real-time PCR analysis.Results: TLR2-/- tibiae and femora exhibited increased bone volume of metaphyseal trabeculae and elevated numbers of TRAP-positive osteoclasts. However, the number of multinucleated TRAP-positive osteoclasts was reduced, whereas mononuclear TRAP-positive cells increased, despite the high expres-sion levels of Dc-Stamp and Oc-Stamp. Although TRAP-positive multinucleated and mononuclear oste-oclasts showed the immunoreactivity and elevated expression of RANK and siglec-15, they revealed weak cathepsin K-positivity and less incorporation of the mineralized bone matrix, and often missing ruffled borders. It seemed likely that, despite the increased numbers, TLR2-/- osteoclasts reduced cell fusion and bone resorption activity.Conclusion: It seems likely that even without bacterial infection, TLR2 might participate in cell fusion and subsequent bone resorption of osteoclasts. (c) 2023 Japanese Association for Oral Biology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.