Government profiles as perceived by governments' NPO partners in Chinese social service delivery

Social services in China nowadays are increasingly coproduced by both government and non-profit organizations (NPOs). However, we still know little about how NPOs perceive their government partners in social service delivery. Using a Q methodology, this study remedies this gap and identifies three profiles - namely, government as a distant facilitator, government as a hands-off collaborator, and government as a prudent principal. Also, it has been found that two conditions - namely, NPOs' development stage and funding resources - influence their perceptions on government in social service delivery. These three profiles provide new insights into NPOs' perceptions of their government partners in social service delivery, and they add new building blocks to existing literature, specifically on the government-NPO relationship in China.