Developmental trajectories of sensitivity to threat in children and adolescents predict larger medial frontal theta differentiation during response inhibition

Sensitivity to threat (ST) is thought to be a hallmark of the onset and maintenance of anxiety, which often manifests behaviorally as withdrawal, increased arousal and hypervigilant monitoring of performance. The current study investigated whether longitudinal trajectories of ST were linked to medial frontal (MF) theta power dynamics, a robust marker of performance monitoring. Youth (N = 432, M-age = 11.96 years) completed self-report measures of threat sensitivity annually for 3 years. A latent class growth curve analysis was used to identify distinct profiles of threat sensitivity over time. Participants also completed a GO/NOGO task while electroencephalography was recorded. We identified three threat sensitivity profiles: (i) high (n = 83), (ii) moderate (n = 273) and (iii) low ( n= 76). Participants in the high threat sensitivity class had greater levels of MF theta power differentiation (NOGO-GO) compared to participants in the low threat sensitivity class, indicating that consistently high threat sensitivity is associated with neural indicators of performance monitoring. Of concern, both hypervigilant performance monitoring and threat sensitivity have been associated with anxiety; thus, youth with high threat sensitivity may be at risk for the development of anxiety.