Factors associated with current substance use among a sample of homeless individuals in Cape Town, South Africa: a secondary data analysis

Homelessness is a global issue that is often associated with substance use. Research on this relationship in low- to middle-income countries (LMIC) is limited. We aimed to explore which factors are associated with substance use through secondary data analysis of a sample of 472 adults who attended services for homeless individuals in Cape Town, South Africa. Logistic regression was utilized to investigate if length of homelessness was associated with current alcohol and drug use respectively, after accounting for other factors. Current drug use (44.9%) was higher than current alcohol use (22.7%) and the most prevalent lifetime drug was methamphetamine (32.6%). After adjusting for lifetime substance use, and source of income, length of homelessness was not significantly associated with current alcohol use (less than on year: OR = 2.60; 95% CI: 0.78-8.66; one or more years: OR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.32-2.57) or current drug use (less than one year: OR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.41-1.47; one year or more: OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.56-1.93). These results highlight the need to further investigate other factors that may influence current alcohol or drug use among populations at risk of being homeless, and to utilize validated measures of substance and other mental health conditions.