Dental health in Roman dogs: A pilot study using standardized examination methods

Objective: To utilize standardized clinical veterinary methods to analyze dental health in a series of Roman dog maxillae and mandibles and to compare results to modern clinical data. Materials: 28 skulls of juvenile and adult dogs from three archaeological sites in Switzerland and Germany dating to the Roman period. Methods: Standardized examination was carried out, which included metric radiographic assessment to diagnose oral pathology and estimate age at death. In one case, CT analysis was undertaken. Results: The estimated average age at death was between three and four years old. Tooth fracture, periodontal disease, the presence of non-vital teeth, and brachycephalic skull form were found in the sample. Tooth resorption was unexpectedly noted. Conclusion: The study provides valuable insights into the dental health of dogs in the Roman era. Compared to modern dogs, Roman dogs examined in this study appear to have a shorter lifespan but display a high rate of pathological dental disease, while disease patterns were very similar to those of modern dogs. Dogs with pronounced brachycephalic features were found. Significance: This pilot study is the first to use standardized clinical examination and recording techniques to assess dental health in dogs from archaeological contexts. It provides insight into the dental health of Roman era dogs and offers data upon which cross-populational studies can be initiated. Limitations: The sample size and geographic location of the archaeological sites were limited. Suggestions for further research: Subsequent standardized studies, preferably in as many different Roman Empire regions as possible, are recommended.