Dynamics of Berry Characteristics, Biochemical Composition, and Physiological Responses Across Ripening Stages: Investigating the Impact of Pollinizer Varieties on Physiological Femaleness in Bozcaada Çavuşu (Vitis vinifera L. cv)

Understanding the dynamic changes in grape characteristics during ripening is crucial for enhancing grape quality, which, in turn, influences overall viticulture practices. This study aimed to investigate the temporal and cultivar-specific variations in grape characteristics, focusing on BAs, phenolic compounds, antioxidant enzymes, and organic acids. Our results revealed that Bozcaada cavusu*Kuntra and Kuntra grapes exhibited the most significant growth in size, weight, and maturity index at the final developmental stage (EL-38), while Vasilaki showed a nuanced maturation pattern with significant increases in berry width but not weight. Across all varieties, the highest maturity index and Total Soluble Solids percentages were observed at EL-38. The investigation of BAs revealed a significant decrease in Put levels from 2.62 at EL-32 to 2.04 mg L-1 at EL-38, contrasting with an increasing trend in Agm concentrations from 0.25 at EL-29 to 0.37 mg L-1 at EL-38. Bozcaada cavusu*Kuntra stood out with the highest Cad concentration at 2.96 mg L-1. The analysis of phenolic compounds highlighted a distinct temporal pattern for gallic acid, increasing from 1.60 at EL-29 to 3.77 g L-1 at EL-32 and maintaining stability at 3.74 g L-1 at EL-38. Bozcaada cavusu*Vasilaki consistently exhibited higher concentrations of phenolic compounds, such as epicatechin (5.69 g L-1) and tyrosol (7.00 g L-1). Antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in grape cultivars showed significant temporal variations, indicating a dynamic oxidative stress response during berry ripening. Catalase activity decreased from 14.04 to 11.20 EU/gr berry between EL-29 and EL-38. The multifaceted regulation of superoxide dismutase by sampling time and cultivar highlighted the complexity of antioxidant dynamics in grapevine physiology. In conclusion, this comprehensive study sheds light on the intricate interplay of temporal and cultivar-specific factors influencing grape characteristics, providing valuable insights for optimizing viticulture practices and enhancing overall grape quality.