Study on the Direct and Indirect Photolysis of Antibacterial Florfenicol in Water Using DFT/TDDFT Method and Comparison of Its Reactivity with Hydroxyl Radical under the Effect of Metal Ions

Florfenicol (FLO) is a widely used antibacterial drug, which is often detected in the environment. In this paper, the photolysis mechanism of FLO in water was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The focus of the study is to elucidate the direct photolysis mechanism of FLO in the water environment and the indirect photolysis of free radicals (<middle dot>OH, <middle dot>NO3, and <middle dot>SO4-) as active species. The effect of metal ions Ca2+/Mg2+/Zn2+ on the indirect photolysis was also investigated. The results show that the direct photolysis of FLO involves C-C/C-N/C-S bond cleavage, the C5-S7 bond cleavage is most likely to occur, and the C17-C18 cleavage reaction is not easy to occur during the direct photodegradation of FLO. The indirect photolysis of FLO is more likely to occur in the environment than direct photolysis. The main indirect photolysis involves OH-addition, NO3-addition, and SO4-addition on benzene ring. The order of difficulty in the indirect photolysis with <middle dot>OH is C2 > C3 > C4 > C5 > C6 > C1, Ca2+ can promote the indirect photolysis with <middle dot>OH, and Mg2+/Zn2+ has a dual effect on the indirect photolysis with <middle dot>OH. In other words, Mg2+ and Zn2+ can inhibit or promote the indirect photolysis with <middle dot>OH. These studies provide important information for theoretical research on the environmental behavior and degradation mechanism of drug molecules.