"Speak the Language of Your Flag": Speech, Language, and Oralism During the First World War

With the United States' entrance into the First World War, linguistic and cultural cohesiveness became imperative, compelling everyone-from immigrants with foreign accents to people with speech problems and hearing loss-to "sound American" by fluently speaking the language of their flag.This article examines lip-reading, speech, and auricular training prescribed to deaf and hard-of-hearing children as well as for servicemen deafened in the war to demonstrate how World War I demanded all Americans to contribute to and participate in shared national soundscapes, regardless of their hearing status. Use of American Sign Language was considered a conspicuous sign of one's failure to integrate into hearing society, and it shared parallels with immigrants who failed to learn English and fully assimilate into American culture. Indeed, rehabilitation of deafened soldiers of the First World War through speech training and lip-reading instruction at Hospital No. 11 at Cape May, New Jersey, coincided with broader national efforts to improve Americans' speech and language use, and in turn, their patriotism and productivity.