Vulnerable Students, Inclusion, and Digital Education in the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Case Study From Austria

Worldwide, more than 1.5 billion students had to switch to distance learning in 2020. Education took place at home, where parents attended to their children, and teachers taught their students in digital mode, while minors were physically and socially isolated from their peers. Concerning the situation in Austria, several quantitative studies expose two central chal-lenges: First, the comprehensive lack of digital infrastructure disrupted (digital) distance learning. Second, the Covid-19 pandemic particularly affected vulnerable students and extended educational inequality. The state of the art emphasizes a lack of qualitative studies demonstrating different perspectives on the educational situation of vulnerable students in general and with SEN in particular during the pandemic. This leads to the following research question: How do profes-sional actors map the situation of inclusive and digital education during the Covid-19 pandemic in Austria? To research this unprecedented situation, four focus groups with diverse stakeholders (teachers, principals, psychologists, and school board employees) discussed their experiences in the school years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. Data were analyzed accord-ing to the Grounded Theory method of the postmodern approach referred to as "situational analysis." The study visualizes various parallel discourses and voices within the situation of (digital distance) learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. The theoretical context of the intersection of inclusive and digital education frames the empirical findings. Central find-ings relate to missing or discriminatory guidelines and policies, a lack of digital infrastructure, and altered professional -pedagogical support that minimized or disrupted inclusive education during (digital) distance learning.