Outcomes of Clostridioides difficile infection in acute heart failure hospitalizations: insights from the National Inpatient Database

Background: Heart failure (HF) patients are at a greater risk for nosocomial infections due to their higher prevalence of comorbidities, readmission rates, and prolonged hospital stays. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) remains a common nosocomial infection in hospitalized patients. Aim: To identify patients with a diagnosis of acute HF and stratified based on the presence of CDI, using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2016 to 2020. Methods: Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of in-hospital outcomes were calculated, and a propensity-matched analysis was performed. Findings: Of 536,595 acute HF hospitalizations in this timeframe, 3030 were also diagnosed with CDI (0.56%). Patients with acute HF and CDI had significantly higher in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio: (aOR): 1.91), cardiac arrest (aOR: 1.66), and use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) (aOR 2.42). In propensity-matched analysis, in-hospital mortality (13.71 vs 8.44%;P 1/40.005), septic shock (7.54 vs 3.33%;P=0.002), and use of MCS (7.19 vs 3.68%;P=0.009) were significantly higher in HF patients with CDI than without. Coexisting neurological disease (aOR: 3.74) and liver disease (aOR: 2.97) showed the strongest association as independent predictors of mortality. HF patients with CDI had longer hospital stays (14.45 +/- 19.40 vs 5.44 +/- 7.10 days; P<0.0001) and higher inflation-adjusted total hospital costs ($186, 225 +/- 376, 485 vs $60,740 +/- 153,992;P<0.001) com-pared to those without CDI. Conclusion: The occurrence of concomitant CDI in patients admitted with acute HF exacerbation is associated with worse in -hospital outcomes and deaths as well as longer hospitalizations and greater financial cost. 2023 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.