Peri-urban land governance and market dynamics: perceptions and adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers in Tamale, Ghana

Access to land is critical to reducing poverty and ensuring sustained agrarian livelihoods. However, access and security of rights are shaped by land governance regimes. With increased population and urbanization, ped-urban frontiers have become key battlegrounds for control of land rights. Using the Tamale area in Ghana as a case study, we examined the perceptions of smallholder farmers on land governance practices and adaptation strategies. In a multi-stage sampling process, the study interviewed 86 smallholder farmers in five communities. The study revealed that good land governance indicators, 'Recognition and Enforcement of Rights,' Efficient and Effective Conflict and Dispute Management,' 'Subsidiarity and Inclusiveness,' as well as 'Transparency and Accountability' were generally below the minimum good practices benchmark based on smallholder farmers' assessment. With the increasing deprivation of their land use rights, farmers switch to non-agricultural businesses, and/or seek refuge in nearby communities to farm either by renting or engaging in sharecropping arrangements. The results of this study underscore the need to improve land governance practices - specifically, compensation payment, transparency and accountability for land revenues, disputes resolution, and consultation on land use conversions.