Factors Associated with Increased Intraocular Pressure in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Background: Over one-third of patients living with diabetes will develop ocular disease during their lifetime. The present study analyzes the association between metabolic and anthropometric markers, associated comorbidities, and intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: The retrospective study included 87 adult patients with type 2 DM who underwent routine eye examinations and blood/urine tests. Results: 67.9% of the patients had an IOP > 14.5 mmHg and only 41.3% had an HbA1c < 7%. In a multivariate regression analysis, the mean IOP was associated with diabetes duration in subjects with a disease duration < 15 years and an HbA1c < 7% (adjusted R-2 = 0.29, p = 0.008). Also, patients with shorter diabetes duration and optimal glucose control had a lower mean IOP than patients with a higher HbA1c (mean IOP 15.1 mmHG vs. 18.9 mmHg, p = 0.04). The patient's age, anthropometric or metabolic markers, associated comorbidities like hypertension (HTN) or retinal angiosclerosis, and diabetes therapies were not associated with IOP in this study. Conclusion: Diabetes progression is directly associated with increased IOP. Avoiding clinical inertia and optimizing glycemic control could prevent or delay the increase of IOP. Routine eye examination should include measuring IOP, not only diabetic retinopathy screening.