Advances in Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Electrochemical Energy Storage

The increasing adoption of additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is revolutionizing the production of wearable electronics and energy storage devices (ESD) such as batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. This surge can be attributed to its outstanding process versatility, precise control over geometrical aspects, and potential to reduce costs and material waste. In this comprehensive review, major AM processes like inkjet printing, direct ink writing, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering/melting along with possible configurations and architectures, are elaborately discussed for each bespoke ESD. The application of 3D-printed energy storage devices in wearable electronics, Internet of Things (IoT)-based devices, and electric vehicles are also mentioned in the review. The role of AM in facilitating the production of solid-state batteries has also revolutionized the electric vehicle (EV) industry. Recent progress in the field of AM of energy systems with solid electrolytes and potential future directions such as 4D printing to incorporate stimuli-responsive behavior in 3D-printed materials, biomimetic design optimization, and additive manufacturing of ESD in a micro-gravity environment have also been highlighted. Extensive research and continuous progress in this field are expected to enhance the longetivity, industrial scalability, and electrochemical performance of 3D-printed energy storage devices in future. Design, properties, performance and applications of additive manufacturing for batteries.image