RETRACTED: Effect of process parameters on bio-oil yield from lignocellulosic biomass through microwave-assisted pyrolysis technology for sustainable energy resources: Current status (Retracted article. See vol. 173, 2023)

The scarcity of fossils and the environmental problems linked with production and application has increased the demand for sustainable alternatives. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) of biomass is among the most sustainable and renewable processes for producing bio-oil and value-added products. The laboratory extensively explored this conversion method and has shown satisfactory generating high-quality bio-oils. This paper assesses the alternatives for improving the parameters for optimum bio-oil production while examining the primary parameters influencing MAP yields. As demonstrated by the results, bio-oil yield is significantly affected by parameters that include pyrolysis temperature, microwave power, microwave absorbent type, and catalysis. To a lesser degree, pyrolysis residence time, biomass particle size, purging gas type, and flow rate impact bio-oil yield. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the MAP method is infinitely scalable and has numerous environmental advantages. The assessment finds that the interaction of many elements must be investigated in depth to enhance the bio-oil product. In order to ascertain the techno-economic survivability of scaling up the technique for commercialization, it is necessary to construct an optimized MAP system at the pilot scale. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) through the Central Composite Design (CCD) method is suggested for optimizing MAP systems since it considers the interplay between the parameters that influence bio-oil productivity. This overview may direct future research on pilot-scale MAP reactor's design, simulation, fabrication, and operation.