Cutting-Edge Studies Toward Commercialization of Large Area Solution-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been renewed annually, now recorded to 25.7%, which is the highest efficiency for thin-film solar cells, raising expectations for commercialization. However, the PSCs have a massive technical lack in entering the photovoltaic industry because of the low PCE of perovskite solar modules (PSMs), poor stability, high levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and environmental issues. Here, cutting-edge studies for overcoming the challenges faced by commercialization of PSCs are discussed. First, the reduction of the efficiency gap between small-area PSCs and the large-area PSMs via the solution process is reviewed. Second, the strategies for stable PSMs are discussed to reduce the LCOE. In addition, the environmental issues for manufacturing and sustainable use of PSMs are dealt with and it is demonstrated that the recycling/reuse of PSMs is the most promising way to reduce the manufacturing costs. Finally, it is suggested that the life cycle assessment system from manufacturing to recycling/reuse for PSMs is the key technology to resolve the commercialization issues of PSCs.