Apple (Malus domestica Borkh) leaves attenuate indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats

Malus domestica Borkh, the apple tree, exhibited numerous pharmacological properties including antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antimicrobial activities. The present work aimed to annotate the secondary metabolites from a butanol fraction of apple leaves (BLE), evaluate the gastro-protective and healing effects of this fraction against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats and to identify its mechanism of action. BLE (100, and 200 mg/kg) was orally administered in rats as an acute treatment against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in comparison with famotidine as reference anti-ulcer drug. The stomachs of rats were collected to determine the ulcer index, the preventive ratio, measure the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and estimate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Furthermore, we evaluated both inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the gastric tissues. We also performed histopath-ological study of gastric mucosa using H&E stain and periodic Schiff base stain to evaluate both gastric injury scores and gastric mucus content respectively. Pretreatment with BLE markedly lowered the severity of gastric injury induced by indomethacin, decreased oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and COX-2 expression in the examined gastric tissues. The gastric healing effect of BLE was associated with increased mucoglycoproteins, and HSP70 expression. Additionally, gastric healing effect of high dose of BLE was superior to that of famotidine in decreasing gastric injury scores, COX-2, inflammatory cytokines, lipid peroxidation and in increasing gastric mucin content, HSP70, and reduced glutathione. These findings indicate that BLE is effective in accelerating ulcer healing by boosting HSP70 expression, and decreasing COX-2 expression, oxidative stress, and gastric inflammation which might be related to the presence of 21 phytoconstituents.