A new approach to learning and recognizing leaf diseases from individual lesions using convolutional neural networks

Leaf disease recognition using image processing and deep learning techniques is currently a vibrant research area. Most studies have focused on recognizing diseases from images of whole leaves. This approach limits the resulting models' ability to estimate leaf disease severity or identify multiple anomalies occurring on the same leaf. Recent studies have demonstrated that classifying leaf diseases based on individual lesions greatly enhances disease recognition accuracy. In those studies, however, the lesions were laboriously cropped by hand. This study proposes a semi-automatic algorithm that facilitates the fast and efficient preparation of datasets of individual lesions and leaf image pixel maps to overcome this problem. These datasets were then used to train and test lesion classifier and semantic segmentation Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models, respectively. We report that GoogLeNet's disease recognition accuracy improved by more than 15% when diseases were recognized from lesion images compared to when disease recognition was done using images of whole leaves. A CNN model which performs semantic segmentation of both the leaf and lesions in one pass is also proposed in this paper. The pro-posed KijaniNet model achieved state-of-the-art segmentation performance in terms of mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) score of 0.8448 and 0.6257 for the leaf and lesion pixel classes, respectively. In terms of mean boundary F1 score, the KijaniNet model attained 0.8241 and 0.7855 for the two pixel classes, respectively. Lastly, a fully automatic algorithm for leaf disease recognition from individual lesions is proposed. The algorithm employs the semantic segmentation network cascaded to a GoogLeNet classifier for lesion-wise disease recognition. The proposed fully automatic algorithm outperforms competing methods in terms of its superior segmentation and classification performance despite being trained on a small dataset. (c) 2021 China Agricultural University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).