Evaluation of disk diffusion method for testing the rifampicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline susceptibility of Clostridioides (prev. Clostridium) difficile

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to animal and public health. Clostridioides (prev. Clostridium) difficile is a major burden to healthcare and a relevant AMR gene reservoir. Despite the known importance of AMR in C. difficile epidemiology and treatment, antimicrobial susceptibility testing for this pathogen is still based on the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the agar dilution method, which is technically demanding and labor-intensive. In this study, the disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the susceptibility of C. difficile to erythromycin, rifampicin, and tetracycline. Material and methods: A total of 155 isolates isolated between 2011 and 2022 from humans and animals in Brazil were simultaneously tested using the disk diffusion method and the epsilometer test (Etest) for these three antimicrobials on Brucella blood agar supplemented with vitamin K and hemin. Results: The results suggest that disk diffusion can be an interesting routine tool to identify erythro- mycin-and rifampicin-resistant C. difficile isolates (>= 20 mm cut-off) and wild type (WT) strains (>= 28 mm). However, the disk diffusion protocol tested in this study does not seem suitable for tetra-cycline because of the common misclassification of resistant strains. (c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.