On the internal velocity structure of sub-aqueous, gravity-driven granular flow: Measurements using MHz frequency sound

The vertical structure of downslope velocity within sub-aqueous gravity-driven flows of (smoother) glass beads and (rougher) natural sand is investigated for both fixed roughness and erodible beds using high-resolution, MHz-frequency acoustics. The observed velocity profiles within the O(1) cm thick, O(10) cm/s flows exhibit a negative shear layer extending downward from the sediment-water interface to a velocity maximum at similar to 9 grain diameters depth within the layer, below which the velocities decrease to near-zero values at the pre-flow bed location for fixed roughness beds and to non-zero values for mobile beds. The attenuation of sound transmitted through the moving layer is used to constrain the depth-averaged solids concentration to a value of similar to 0.52. The observed negative shear at the interface indicates that, unlike the sub-aerial case, interfacial friction is dynamically important in gravity-driven sub-aqueous granular flows. It is shown that the observed vertical structure of velocity within the layer can be well represented by continuum viscous flow models. Solids concentration and effective viscosity are estimated from the best-fit model parameters using the Zarraga-Hill-Leighton (2000) empirical relation for suspensions of negatively buoyant particles, yielding vertically averaged values similar to 0.57. While the sub-millimeter vertical resolution of the measurements is too coarse to provide precise estimates of the friction velocity at the interface, the model-data comparisons nevertheless indicate that the vertical structure of the downslope flow consists of a weakly stratified dense layer and a thin, dilute transition layer between the dense flow and the overlying water.