Enhanced Treatment Options for Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas at the Craniocervical Junction: Endovascular Embolization Versus Microsurgery? A Single-Center 23-Year Experience

OBJECTIVE: The occurrence of dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) at the craniocervical junction (CCJ) is an uncommon vascular malformation. The diagnosis and treatment of CCJ DAVFs present a formidable challenge. This study aims to investigate the effect of endovascular embolization and microsurgery on improving patient prognosis. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with CCJ DAVFs who received treatment at the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University between January 2000 and January 2023. The clinical records, imaging data, and treatment methods were obtained from the hospital's medical record system. The patients were classified into microsurgery and embolization groups based on the surgical technique employed for treatment. The primary outcome measures were surgical-associated neurological dysfunction (SAND) and long-term neurological outcomes. The Cox proportional hazard regression was utilized to determine hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess the relationship between treatment methods and prognosis. KaplanMeier survival analysis was employed to evaluate the incidence of SAND in both cohorts. RESULTS: This study recruited 46 patients with an average age of 53.72 +/- 13.83 years. In the microsurgery group, there were 12 cases (26.1%) observed. While in the embolization group, there were 34 cases (73.9%). Of these patients, 16 (34.8%) experienced SAND after treatment. In the microsurgery group, there were 8 cases (75.0%), while in the embolization group, only 8 cases (23.5%) were reported. Specifically, the embolization group exhibited a significantly lower risk of SAND [adjusted hazard ratio = 0.259, 95% CI = 0.096-0.700; P = 0.008)] compared to the microsurgery group. Additionally, the combined Borden grade 2-3 was found to be significantly associated with SAND (adjusted hazard ratio = 3.150, 95% CI = 1.132-8.766; P = 0.028). The results of the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated a statisticallysignificant difference in the occurrence of favorable functional outcomes between the 2 groups (log-rank P = 0.0081). CONCLUSIONS: CCJ DAVFs are uncommon disorders characterized by a diverse range of clinical manifestations. The functional prognosis of endovascular treatment may be superior to microsurgery.