Fractal analysis of the mandible cortical bone: correlation among fractal dimension values obtained by two processing methods from periapical radiograph and micro-computed tomography with cone-beam computed tomography

The objectives of the present study were to assess Fractal Dimension (FD) values in the mandible cortical bone obtained from digital periapical radiographs (DPR), high-resolution microtomography (mu CT), and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), by two processing methods: binarization (FD.b) and grayscale-based method (FD.f) and, finally, to identify the correlation among these values with other micro-architectural parameters. For this, a prospective study was conducted on 18 healthy individuals (mean age 23 +/- 2.4 years old) who underwent third molar extraction. Pre-operative CBCT scans were conducted, bone fragments were removed from the retro-molar region, and DPR and mu CT were performed on those bone samples. FD.b and FD.f values were calculated using three parasagittal sections for CBCT, one image for DPR, and three sections for mu CT. The 3D bone microarchitecture was analyzed in mu CT (voxel size: 19 mu m). As a result, FD.b mean values of 1.55 +/- 0.02 and 1.80 +/- 0.01 were obtained for CBCT and mu CT, respectively. Furthermore, FD.f mean values of 1.22 +/- 0.12 for DPR, 0.99 +/- 0.04 for CBCT, and 1.30 +/- 0.07 for mu CT were obtained. Both FD.b and FD.f values showed a good agreement. FD.f was negatively correlated with the standard deviation of the mean gray value (p = 0.003) for DPR and intra-cortical bone surface (p = 0.02) for mu CT. In conclusion, image processing with or without binarization revealed different values for FD, although showing agreement. The grayscale-based method retrieved FD values correlated with the gray levels and the cortical porous network, which means that FD can be a valuable index for mandibular cortical bone evaluation. FD is associated with mineralization and microarchitecture. Nevertheless, there was no correlation between FD values obtained from low- (DPR) and high-resolution (mu CT) X-ray modalities with FD obtained from the in vivo CBCT.