Microplastics and nanoplastics contamination in raw and treated water

Of recent concern is the degradation of plastics from macro- to micro- and even nanosized. This study investigates the content of microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) particles in raw water sources for the local population and in tap and drinking water as treated water. A total of 189 samples were selected and analysed for the quality and quantity of MNPs. The results found MNPs in all water samples, with an average abundance ranging from 204 +/- 54 to 336 +/- 87 particles/L in raw water, from 22 +/- 7 to 33 +/- 12 particles/L in tap water, and from 25 +/- 15 to 73 +/- 30 particles/L in drinking water. MNPs were divided into three categories according to their shape. Fragments and fibres clearly dominated in all samples. The majority of particles with sizes greater than 125 mu m are found in raw water, while those with ranging sizes from 20 nm to 125 mu m are mostly found in treated water. The MNPs were domains of fibres and fragments. The majority of the MNPs were composed of polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and polyethylene (PE). This study contributes to filling the knowledge gap in the field of emerging MNPs pollution of raw and treated water, which is of concern due to the potential human exposure to MNPs.