Automatic segmentation of the interscapular brown adipose tissue in rats based on deep learning using the dynamic magnetic resonance fat fraction images

Objective The study aims to propose an accurate labelling method of interscapular BAT (iBAT) in rats using dynamic MR fat fraction (FF) images with noradrenaline (NE) stimulation and then develop an automatic iBAT segmentation method using a U-Net model. Materials and methods Thirty-four rats fed different diets or housed at different temperatures underwent successive MR scans before and after NE injection. The iBAT were labelled automatically by identifying the regions with obvious FF change in response to the NE stimulation. Further, these FF images along with the recognized iBAT mask images were used to develop a deep learning network to accomplish the robust segmentation of iBAT in various rat models, even without NE stimulation. The trained model was then validated in rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD) in comparison with normal diet (ND). Result A total of 6510 FF images were collected using a clinical 3.0 T MR scanner. The dice similarity coefficient (DSC) between the automatic and manual labelled results was 0.895 +/- 0.022. For the network training, the DSC, precision rate, and recall rate were found to be 0.897 +/- 0.061, 0.901 +/- 0.068 and 0.899 +/- 0.086, respectively. The volumes and FF values of iBAT in HFD rats were higher than ND rats, while the FF decrease was larger in ND rats after NE injection. Conclusion An automatic iBAT segmentation method for rats was successfully developed using the dynamic labelled FF images of activated BAT and deep learning network.