Immune responses following COVID-19 infection in multiple sclerosis patients using immunomodulatory therapy

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly become a global pandemic. Most multiple sclerosis (MS) patients use disease-modifying treatments (DMTs), such as immunomodulators or immunosuppressants. By targeting different types of immune cells, DMTs affect cellular and/or humoral immunity. The potential effects of DMTs on the long-term immune response to COVID-19 is not fully known. Between 16.04.2020 and 15.07.2020, a total of 34 people, 17 of whom were diagnosed with MS according to the 2010 McDonald diagnostic criteria and a control group of 17 individuals who did not have a known systemic disease who were matched according to age, gender, and COVID-19 disease severity, where all received COVID-19 diagnosis with SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity in nasopharyngeal swab test and immune responses were measured (SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibody levels COVID 19 ELISA kit), were included in our study. Demographic data of MS patients and the control group, SARS-CoV-2 immune responses, antibody titers and disease year of MS patients, EDSS scores, disease type, and disease duration were determined. All patients were symptomatic for COVID-19. COVID-19 disease severity was divided into three groups as mild, moderate, and severe according to the clinical condition of the patient. Demographic data of MS patients and the control group, SARS-CoV-2 immune responses, antibody titers and disease year of MS patients, EDSS scores, disease type, and disease duration were determined. All patients were symptomatic for COVID-19. COVID-19 disease severity was divided into three groups as mild, moderate, and severe according to the clinical condition of the patient. According to our study results, IgG-type long-term immune responses were lower in MS patients using DMTs than in the healthy population. We hope that our study will provide insight into the COVID-19 vaccine immune responses.